Ingredient Research
Vitamin C
Vitamin C
Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes saturated at 100 mg daily and contained concentrations at least 14-fold higher than plasma. Bioavailability was complete for 200 mg of vitamin C as a single dose. [...] At single doses of 500 mg and higher, bioavailability declined and the absorbed amount was excreted.
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Carr AC, Maggini S. Nutrients. 2017 Nov 3;9(11):1211.
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Read the AbstractBozonet SM, Carr AC, Pullar JM, Vissers MC. Nutrients. 2015 Apr 9;7(4):2574-88.
Read the AbstractBozonet SM, Carr AC. Nutrients. 2019 Jun 17;11(6):1363.
Read the AbstractHemilä H, Chalker E. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;2013(1):CD000980.
Read the AbstractVitamin D3
Vitamin D3
As the vitamin D receptor is expressed on immune cells (B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells), and these immunologic cells are all capable of synthesizing the active vitamin D metabolite, vitamin D has the capability of acting in an autocrine manner in a local immunologic milieu. Vitamin D can modulate the innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, et al. Science. 2006 Mar 24;311(5768):1770-3.
Read the AbstractMartineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, et al. BMJ. 2017 Feb 15;356:i6583.
Read the AbstractJolliffe DA, Camargo CA Jr, Sluyter JD, Aglipay M, Aloia JF, Ganmaa D, et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 May;9(5):276-292.
Read the AbstractTripkovic L, Lambert H, Hart K, Smith CP, Bucca G, Penson S, Chope G, Hyppönen E, Berry J, Vieth R, Lanham-New S. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Jun;95(6):1357-64.
Read the AbstractHeaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):204-10.
Read the AbstractZinc
Zinc
Zinc is essential for the regulation of immune response. T cell function declines with age. [...] Zinc supplementation also significantly increased anti-CD3/CD28 and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T cell proliferation, and the number of peripheral T cells [...]
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Wessels I, Maywald M, Rink L. Nutrients. 2017 Nov 25;9(12):1286.
Read the AbstractRink L, Gabriel P. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000 Nov;59(4):541-52.
Read the AbstractPrasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD, Cardozo LJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar;85(3):837-44.
Read the AbstractGandia P, Bour D, Maurette JM, Donazzolo Y, Duchène P, Béjot M, Houin G. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2007 Jul;77(4):243-8.
Read the AbstractSelenium
Selenium
Selenium supplementation increased plasma selenium concentrations [...] and lymphocyte phospholipid and cytosolic glutathione peroxidase activities. Selenium supplements augmented the cellular immune response through an increased production of interferon gamma and other cytokines, an earlier peak T cell proliferation, and an increase in T helper cells.
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Avery JC, Hoffmann PR. Nutrients. 2018 Sep 1;10(9):1203.
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Read the AbstractRayman MP. Lancet. 2012 Mar 31;379(9822):1256-68.
Read the AbstractThiry C, Schneider YJ, Pussemier L, De Temmerman L, Ruttens A. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013 Apr;152(1):152-60.
Read the AbstractN-Acetyl Cysteine
N-Acetyl Cysteine
Administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a cysteine prodrug, replenishes intracellular GSH levels. NAC, best known for its ability to counter acetaminophen toxicity, is a safe, well-tolerated antidote for cysteine/GSH deficiency.
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Dröge W, Breitkreutz R. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000 Nov;59(4):595-600.
Read the AbstractKnight JA. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2000 Apr;30(2):145-58.
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Read the AbstractBorgström L, Kågedal B, Paulsen O. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;31(2):217-22.
Read the AbstractQuercetin
Quercetin
Quercetin is the great representative of polyphenols, flavonoids subgroup, flavonols. Its main natural sources in foods are vegetables such as onions [...] and broccoli; fruits (apples, berry crops, and grapes) [...] Quercetin is known for its antioxidant activity in radical scavenging [...] It can improve the Th1/Th2 balance [...]
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Li Y, Yao J, Han C, Yang J, Chaudhry MT, Wang S, Liu H, Yin Y. Nutrients. 2016 Mar 15;8(3):167.
Read the AbstractNieman DC, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Jenkins DP, Davis JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Dumke CL, Utter AC, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Mayer EP. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Sep;39(9):1561-9.
Read the AbstractHeinz SA, Henson DA, Austin MD, Jin F, Nieman DC. Pharmacol Res. 2010 Sep;62(3):237-42.
Read the AbstractGuo Y, Mah E, Bruno RS. Nutrition. 2014 Nov-Dec;30(11-12):1279-86.
Read the AbstractGuo Y, Bruno RS. J Nutr Biochem. 2015 Mar;26(3):201-10.
Read the AbstractEchinacea
Echinacea
Unsaturated N-alkylamide lipids, the main constituent of E. purpurea and E. angustifolia preparations capable of activating the cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2) have been suggested to play a role as potential anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory principles. [...] While the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly superstimulated, the expression of the pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha protein was inhibited more strongly upon combination of the extracts.
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Gertsch J. Planta Med. 2008 May;74(6):638-50.
Read the AbstractManayi A, Vazirian M, Saeidnia S. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015 Jan-Jun;9(17):63-72.
Read the AbstractJawad M, Schoop R, Suter A, Klein P, Eccles R. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:841315.
Read the AbstractSchapowal A, Klein P, Johnston SL. Adv Ther. 2015 Mar;32(3):187-200.
Read the AbstractKarsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D, Bauer R, Ardjomand-Woelkart K, Linde K. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 20;2014(2):CD000530.
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