Ingredient Research
Milk Thistle
"Milk thistle extract administration induced a decreasing trend in [non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score] compared with the vehicle group. Milk thistle induced a numerical decrease of the steatosis score compared with vehicle, and this was accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in liver weight and the liver-to-body weight ratio."
Cacciapuoti F, Scognamiglio A, Palumbo R, Forte R, Cacciapuoti F.
World J Hepatol. 2013 Mar 27; 5(3): 109–113.
Zhong S, Fan Y, Yan Q, Fan X, Wu B, Han Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Niu J.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Dec; 96(49): e9061.
Zhu SY, Jiang N, Yang J, Tu J, Zhou Y, Xiao X, Dong Y.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Apr;100:191-197. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.144. Epub 2018 Feb 8.
Milosević N, Milanović M, Abenavoli L, Milić N.
Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2014;9(3):195-203.
Carmela C, Luigi B, and Ludovico A.
World J Gastroenterol. 2017 Dec 21; 23(47): 8437–8438.
N-Acetyl Cysteine
"Dietary [N-Acetyl Cysteine] is an effective hepatic antioxidant that abolished NASH-induced lipid peroxidation, attenuated reductions in hepatic GSH, blocked NASH-associated autoimmune responses, inhibited the production of TNF-α and attenuated inflammation, leading to significant reduction in cellular damage, hepatocyte injury and fibrosis."
Khoshbaten M, Aliasgarzadeh A, Masnadi K, Tarzamani MK, Farhang S, Babaei H, Kiani J, Zaare M, Najafipoor F.
Hepat Mon. 2010 Winter;10(1):12-6. Epub 2010 Mar 1.
El-Lakkany NH, El-Din SHS, Sabra AA, Hammam OA, Ebeid FA.
Res Pharm Sci. 2016 Oct; 11(5): 374–382.
Ali MH, Messiha BA, Abdel-Latif HA.
Pharm Biol. 2016 Jul;54(7):1198-208. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1060247. Epub 2015 Jul 1.
Oliveira CP, Cotrim HP, Stefano JT, Siqueira ACG, Salgado ALA, Parise ER.
Arq Gastroenterol. 2019 Aug 13;56(2):184-190. doi: 10.1590/S0004-2803.201900000-36.
De Andrade KQ, Moura FA, Dos Santos JM, de Araújo ORP, Santos JCF, Goulart MOF.
Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Dec; 16(12): 30269–30308.
Dandelion Root
"[Dandelion] significantly increased activation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in liver and muscle protein. [Dandelion] significantly suppressed lipid accumulation in the liver, reduced [metabolic hormone] resistance, and lipid in HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice via the AMPK pathway."
Davaatseren M, Hur HJ, Yang HJ, Hwang JT, Park JH, Kim HJ, Kim MS, Kim MJ, Kwon DY, Sung MJ.
J Med Food. 2013 Jan;16(1):26-33. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2226. Epub 2012 Dec 20.
Hfaiedh M, Brahmi D, Zourgui L.
Environ Toxicol. 2016 Mar;31(3):339-49. doi: 10.1002/tox.22048. Epub 2014 Oct 1.
Domitrović R, Jakovac H, Romić Z, Rahelić D, Tadić Z.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Aug 9;130(3):569-77. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.046. Epub 2010 Jun 2.
Wirngo FE, Lambert MN, Jeppesen PB.
Rev Diabet Stud. 2016 Summer-Fall; 13(2-3): 113–131.
Choi UK, Lee OH, Yim JH, Cho CW, Rhee YK, Lim SI, Kim YC.
Int J Mol Sci. 2010 Jan; 11(1): 67–78.
Artichoke Leaf
"Doppler sonography showed increased hepatic vein flow[...], reduced portal vein diameter [...], and liver size [...], reduction in serum ALT [...] and AST [...] levels, improvement in AST/ALT ratio and APRI scores [...], and reduction in total bilirubin. [Artichoke leaf] supplementation reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations."
Rangboo V, Noroozi M, Zavoshy R, Rezadoost SA, Mohammadpoorasl A.
Int J Hepatol. 2016; 2016: 4030476.
Ahmadi A, Heidarian E, Ghatreh-Samani K.
J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2019 Aug 30;30(5). pii: /j/jbcpp.2019.30.issue-5/jbcpp-2018-0180/jbcpp-2018-0180.xml. doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0180.
Choline Bitartrate
"[Subjects] were divided into two groups and fed a [choline deficient] diet with or without 0.2% choline bitartrate for one or three weeks. [...] The [choline deficient] diet lowered liver choline metabolites after one week and exacerbated fatty liver between one and three weeks. We identified >300 genes whose expression was significantly altered in the livers of mice after consumption of this CD diet for one week."
Sherriff JL, O'Sullivan TA, Properzi C, Oddo JL, Adams LA.
Adv Nutr. 2016 Jan; 7(1): 5–13.
Wiedeman AM, Barr SI, Green TJ, Xu Z, Innis SM, Kitts DD.
Nutrients. 2018 Oct; 10(10): 1513.
Schugar RC, Huang X, Moll AR, Brunt EM, Crawford PA.
PLoS One. 2013; 8(8): e74806.