Ingredient Research
Calcium
"Calcium intake influences skeletal calcium retention during growth and thus affects peak bone mass achieved in early adulthood. Increased calcium intake is associated with increased bone mineral accretion rate up to a threshold level in all ethnic groups."
Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Robinson V, Griffith L, Hamel C, Ortiz Z, Peterson J, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Guyatt G
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(1):CD004526.
Malpeli A, Apezteguia M, Mansur JL, Armanini A, Macías Couret M, Villalobos R, Kuzminczuk M, Gonzalez HF.
Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2012 Mar;62(1):30-6. PMID: 23477205.
Weaver CM, Alexander DD, Boushey CJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Lappe JM, LeBoff MS, Liu S, Looker AC, Wallace TC, Wang DD.
Osteoporos Int. 2016 Jan;27(1):367-76.
Magnesium
"Significantly increased accrual [...] in integrated hip [bone mineral content] occurred in the [magnesium]-supplemented vs. placebo group. [...] Lumbar spinal [bone mineral content] accrual was slightly [...] greater in the Mg-treated group. [...] A positive effect of Mg supplementation on integrated hip [bone mineral content] was evident."
Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier JA.
Nutrients. 2013 Jul 31;5(8):3022-33.
Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ, Kritchevsky SB, Harris T, Stone K, Cauley J, Tylavsky FA.
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Nov;53(11):1875-80.
Carpenter TO, DeLucia MC, Zhang JH, Bejnerowicz G, Tartamella L, Dziura J, Petersen KF, Befroy D, Cohen D.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Dec;91(12):4866-72.
Boron
"The results suggest that boron supplementation improves parameters related to bone strength and microstructure of cortical and trabecular bone."
Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL.
Environ Health Perspect. 1994 Nov;102 Suppl 7(Suppl 7):79-82.
Rondanelli M, Faliva MA, Peroni G, Infantino V, Gasparri C, Iannello G, Perna S, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Tartara A.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2020 Dec;62:126577.
Sheng MH, Taper LJ, Veit H, Thomas EA, Ritchey SJ, Lau KH.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 Jul;81(1):29-45.
Vitamin K2
"Vitamin K2 promotes arterial flexibility by preventing accumulation of arterial calcium, and supplementation with it could correct calcium amounts in the body that are out of balance. Thus, calcium in tandem with vitamin K2 may well be the solution for bringing necessary bone benefits."
van Ballegooijen AJ, Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Grübler MR, Verheyen N.
Int J Endocrinol. 2017;2017:7454376.
Kodama Y, Okamoto Y, Kubota T, Hiroyama Y, Fukami H, Matsushita K, Kawano Y.
Brain Dev. 2017 Nov;39(10):846-850.
Vitamin D3
"Meta-analysis of all studies showed that calcium plus vitamin D supplementation produced a statistically significant 15 % reduced risk of total fractures [...] and a 30 % reduced risk of hip fractures [...] This meta-analysis of RCTs supports the use of calcium plus vitamin D supplements as an intervention for fracture risk reduction."
Lips P, van Schoor NM.
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Aug;25(4):585-91.
Brincat M, Gambin J, Brincat M, Calleja-Agius J.
Maturitas. 2015 Mar;80(3):329-32.
Sadat-Ali M, Al Elq AH, Al-Turki HA, Al-Mulhim FA, Al-Ali AK.
Ann Saudi Med. 2011 Nov-Dec;31(6):602-8.